Which of the following are primary states of matter?

The primary states of matter are solid, liquid, and gas. Each state has distinct characteristics based on particle arrangement and energy levels, which are crucial for understanding the physical properties of materials.

Solids have tightly packed particles that maintain a fixed shape and volume, liquids have particles that are close together but can flow, allowing them to take the shape of their container while retaining a fixed volume, and gases consist of particles that are far apart and move freely, leading to neither a fixed shape nor volume. This classification forms the foundational understanding of matter in physical science.

Considering the other choices, plasma is a state that occurs at extremely high temperatures and is not one of the primary states that are typically highlighted in basic education about matter. Vapor refers to the gaseous state of a substance that is normally liquid or solid at room temperature, but is not classified as a separate primary state. Energy is not a state of matter but a property that matter can possess, making the inclusion of it in a list of states incorrect. Therefore, the choice emphasizing solid, liquid, and gas accurately reflects the foundational concepts in the study of matter.