What does meteorology study?

Meteorology is the scientific study of the atmosphere and the various phenomena associated with it, particularly weather and climate. This field focuses on understanding how atmospheric conditions influence weather patterns, climate variations, and forecasting future weather events. Meteorologists analyze data from various sources, such as satellites and weather stations, to predict weather changes and understand atmospheric processes.

The other topics listed in the question pertain to different scientific fields: the behavior of rocks is studied in geology; the structure of the Earth relates to geophysics and geology; while the development of ecosystems falls under the purview of ecology. Thus, the correct answer specifically highlights the focus of meteorology on atmospheric science, which encompasses weather forecasting and the study of atmospheric conditions.