What characterizes the Preconventional Level in Kohlberg's stages of moral development?

The Preconventional Level in Kohlberg's stages of moral development is characterized by a focus on concrete consequences as a basis for moral reasoning. At this level, individuals often determine what is right or wrong primarily based on the outcomes of their actions, which means they are largely influenced by the desire to avoid punishment or gain rewards.

This level reflects a basic understanding of morality that is heavily tied to external factors rather than internalized ethical principles. Therefore, moral decisions are made according to what will benefit the individual directly or protect them from negative consequences. In essence, the Preconventional Level emphasizes obedience to authority and the implications of actions for the self, which aligns closely with focusing on rewards and punishments.