In behaviorism, what is a critical factor that influences behavior according to B.F. Skinner?

In the framework of behaviorism, particularly as articulated by B.F. Skinner, reinforcement and punishment are crucial factors that significantly influence behavior. Skinner's theory posits that behavior is shaped and modified through the consequences that follow. Positive reinforcement, which involves providing a rewarding stimulus after a desired behavior, increases the likelihood of that behavior being repeated. Conversely, punishment aims to decrease unwanted behaviors by applying an adverse stimulus or removing a positive one following the behavior. This operant conditioning approach highlights that the manipulation of these consequences plays a fundamental role in behavior modification and learning.

The concept doesn’t center as strongly on the social environment, child’s natural instincts, or emotional responses within Skinner's perspective, which focuses more on observable behaviors rather than internal states or developmental influences. Thus, the emphasis on reinforcement and punishment as determinants of behavior aligns directly with Skinner's central contributions to behaviorism.